Thursday, 11 April 2019

APRIL 10 and 11: YOUR SPEAKING PRACTICE: 8A_CRIME AND PUNISHMENT



Rise

rise dramatically/sharply
The number of people seeking asylum in Britain has risen sharply. 
The crime rate has risen sharply since the 1980s.
Unemployment rose dramatically.

rising crime/unemployment/inflation etc
 The country faces economic recession and rising unemployment. 
   The police seem unable to cope with the rising tide of (=large increase in) car crime

 Everyday English, people usually say an amount or level goes up rather than rises:
Prices have gone up a lot.

on the rise
 idiom
Definition of on the rise
1increasing in amount, number, level, etc.
Prices are on the rise again.
The water level in the lake is on the rise.
Cime is on the rise

decline /dɪˈklaɪn/ noun [singular, uncountable]   
 decrease in the qualityquantity, or importance of something
decline in There has been a decline in the size of families.
decline of the decline of manufacturing
sharp/dramatic decline a rapid decline in unemployment
gradual  decline The island’s population initially numbered 180, but there was a gradual decline until only 40 people were left.
 the economic decline faced by many cities
in decline/on the decline (=falling) the widely held belief that educational standards are in decline
fall/go etc into decline (=become less important, successful etc) The port fell into decline in the 1950s.

well-known adjective (comparative better-knownsuperlative best-known)  
 known by a lot of people → notorious
it is well-known (that) 
It’s a well-known fact that smoking can cause lung cancer. This is probably their best-known song. a well-known TV presenter

at/behind the wheel (=driving a car) 
The driver must have fallen asleep at the wheel. 
Shall I take the wheel (=drive instead of someone else)?

evidence /ˈevɪdəns/
[uncountable] information that is given in a court of law in order to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty 
Murrow’s evidence was enough to convict Hayes of murder. 
He refused to give evidence at the trial.
evidence against There was very little evidence against the two men.
in evidence The documents may be used in evidence at the trial.

proof

noun
 /pruːf/ 

proof noun (SHOWING TRUTH)

B2 [ C or U ] fact or piece of information that shows that something exists or istrue:
[ + that ] Do they have any proof that it was Hampson who stole the goods?
I have a suspicion that he's having an affair, though I don't have any concrete (= definite) proof.
If anyone needs proof of Andrew Davies' genius as a writer, this novel is it.
"How old are you?" "21." "Do you have any proof on you?"
Keep your receipt as proof of purchase
·         The police have no definitive proof of her guilt.
·         There's no absolute proof, but all the evidence suggests (that) he's guilty.
·         Do you have any kind of proof of purchase?
ransom
 /ˈrænsəm/ noun [countable]   
an amount of money that is paid to free someone who is held as a prisoner 
The kidnappers were demanding a ransom of $250,000. 
The government refused to pay the ransom.



accuse /əˈkjuːz/ 
    to say that you believe someone is guilty of a crime or of doing something bad
accuse somebody of (doing) something 
He was accused of murder. 
Smith accused her of lying. 

charge

CRIME [transitive] to state officially that someone may be guilty of a crimecharge somebody with something 
Gibbons has been charged with murder.

convict1 /kənˈvɪkt/ convict somebody of something
   to prove or officially announce that someone is guilty of a crime after a trial in a law court OPP acquit
She was convicted of shoplifting.


offender /əˈfendə/
 someone who is guilty of a crime 
Community punishment is used for less serious offenders. 
At 16, Scott was already a persistent offender (=someone who has been caught several times for committing crimes).

in broad daylight
if something, especially a crimehappens in broad daylight, it happens in the daytime and in public
 The attack happened in broad daylight, in one of the busiest parts of town.

deliberately /dɪˈlɪbərətli/ 

 Police believe the fire was started deliberately.• There were no  signs  that the fire had been set deliberately.

crack down on phrasal verb
to become more strict in dealing with a problem and punishing the people involved
 The government is determined to crack down on terrorism. The police are cracking down hard on violent crime.
take action (=do something to deal with a problem)
The government must take action to crack down on crime .

imprisonment /ɪmˈprɪzənmənt/ 
the state of being in prison, or the time someone spends there 
They were sentenced to 6 years’ imprisonment.
Serfaty was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Capital
punishment 
punishment which involves killing someone who has committed a crime 
This whole capital punishment thing is becoming a real pain in the neck for a civilizedsociety.

 Death
 penalty 
the legal punishment of death 
Three Britons are facing the death penalty for spying.

ruthless /ˈruːθləs/ 
so determined to get what you want that you do not care if you have to hurt other people in order to do it 
a ruthless dictator 
They have shown a ruthless disregard for basic human rights.

Threatena/ˈθretn/  verb     la
 (noun) threat (adjective) threatening (verb) threaten (adverb)threateninglyLongman
 1[transitive] to say that you will cause someone harm or trouble if they do not do what you want
 Postal workers are threatening a strike if they don’t receive a pay increase.
threaten to do something He threatened to take them to court.
threaten somebody with something 
Doctors are sometimes threatened with violence if they don’t do what patients want
.threaten (that) Then he became angry and threatened that he would go to the police.
2 [transitive] to be likely to harm or destroy something Poaching threatens the survival of the rhino.
threaten to do something The incident threatens to ruin his chances in the election.
be threatened with something Large areas of the jungle are now threatened with destruction.


abduct /əbˈdʌkt/verb [transitive]   
 to take someone away by force SYN kidnap
 The diplomat was abducted on his way to the airport.

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